The prophecy of the second function of the threefold titles of the Lord Jesus Christ is expounded in a very distinctive way. Earlier on He was described as a Prophet (Deut. 18:15), and here as a Priest. The Old Testament priesthood is disputable for as a priest, he must be from the line of Aaron, the Levite. This is an absolute truth given to the nation of Israel. It is the commandment of the Lord.
A careful study of the Old Testament will show that the coming Messiah is definitely not from the line of Levite. The Messiah is from the line of Judah, the line of kingship for Israel. Old Testament history records that there has never occurred in the history of Israel a priest from the line of Judah. It was from only the line of Aaron, the Levite appointed by God, that the line of priesthood came. Anyone who tried to take the position of priesthood other than those from the line of Aaron was an abomination to the Lord.
However, a study of Ps. 110:4 that says, “The Lord hat sworn, and will not repent, Thou art a priest for ever, after the order of Melchizedek,” shows a special characteristic of the coming priest. First, He is “a priest for ever.” There was never such a priest from the line of Aaron. Every priest in the Old Testament was limited by time and none was forever. And second, He is a priest “after the order of Melchizedek.” In the whole of scripture, the name of Melchizedek is mentioned only on three occasions namely in Gen. 14:18-20; Ps. 110:4 and Heb. 5:5-10, 6:19-7:28. Apart from these passages, the scripture says nothing about him. And it is important to take note that Aaronic priesthood was never referred to as after the order of Melchizedek.
Long before Aaron was appointed High Priest, Melchizedek was. Gen. 14:18-20 records that Abraham acknowledged Melchizedek as a high priest to whom he offered a tithe. His priesthood was most special and the Scriptures do not record from which line he had come. Nevertheless, the Psalmist shows that the coming Priest was from the order of Melchizedek.
In addition, Gen. 14:18-20 explains that Melchizedek was the only priest who had ever lived that held a position of both priest and King. He was a unique priest and king. Thus, when the Psalmist said, “Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek,” truly, the coming Priest, the Messiah would follow the order of Melchizedek, for Melchizedek was a type of Christ.
When the writer of the book of Hebrews in Heb. 5:5-6 quoted the prophecy of the Psalmist, he added the idea of Sonship to the priesthood. In other words, he did see that the Christ who is the Son of God would be called also a high priest after the order of Melchizedek. As Barnes rightly opines, "To say that he was of the same order of Melchicedec was to say that he was of the same rank or station. He was like him in his designation to the office. In what respect he was like him the apostle shows more fully in [Hebrews] chapter vii. One particular in which there was a striking resemblance, which did not exist between Christ and any other high-priest, was, that Melchisedec was both a priest and a king. None of the kings of the Jews were priest, nor were any of the priests ever elevated to the office of king. But in Melchisedec these offices were united, and this fact constituted a striking resemblance between him and the Lord Jesus. . . . The meaning, is that Melchisedec was of a peculiar rank or order, that he was not numbered with the Levitical priests, and that there were important features in his office which differed from theirs. In those features it was distinctly predicted that the Messiah would resemble him."
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